We further offer a detailed analysis of applications of panoramic imaging in scene understanding for autonomous driving and robotics, spanning panoramic semantic image segmentation, panoramic depth estimation, panoramic visual localization, and so on.
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We then provide a detailed analysis on how these techniques can help enhance the performance of panoramic imaging systems. Afterwards, we discuss in detail the broad application prospects and great design potential of freeform surfaces, thin-plate optics, and metasurfaces in panoramic imaging. In this review, we begin with introducing the basic principles of panoramic imaging systems, and then describe the architectures, features, and functions of various panoramic imaging systems. Fortunately, recent advances in freeform surfaces, thin-plate optics, and metasurfaces provide innovative approaches to address human perception of the environment, offering promising ideas beyond conventional optical imaging. However, while satisfying the need for large-FoV photographic imaging, panoramic imaging instruments are expected to have high resolution, no blind area, miniaturization, and multi-dimensional intelligent perception, and can be combined with artificial intelligence methods towards the next generation of intelligent instruments, enabling deeper understanding and more holistic perception of 360-degree real-world surrounding environments. Panoramic imaging emerges as the next generation of innovative intelligent instruments for environmental perception and measurement. With the rapid development of high-speed communication and artificial intelligence technologies, human perception of real-world scenes is no longer limited to the use of small Field of View (FoV) and low-dimensional scene detection devices. Performances and some pictures as an example. Both the lenses have beenĭesigned and realized and we show here the optical scheme, the nominal Of it: that's the bifocal panoramic lens.
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In the same sensor, the panoramic field plus an enlargement of a portion Respect to the equivalent panoramic with this solution one can image, In which the frontal optics have a different paraxial focal length with Panoramic lens: we call it hyper-hemispheric lens. Panoramic field, producing a FoV of 360° in azimuth and 260° inĮlevation it have then the capabilities of a fish eye plus those of a In the focal plane, by means of a frontal optics, together with the Panoramic lens in which the frontal field is make available to be imaged Both the solutions have the draw-backĮffect to obscure the frontal view of the objective, producing theĬlassic "donut-shape" image in the focal plane. More recent design use aĬatadiopter instead of a mirror. Usually aspheric, mirror placed in front of a commercial objective toĬapture a 360° area around the horizon. Most common panoramic lenses use a curved, Typical panoramic lens have a view angle of 360° inĪzimuth (the plane orthogonal to the optical axis), just like aįish-eye, and plus and minus tens of degrees in elevation angle, i.
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Panoramic objectives are becoming, due to the availability of large areaĭigital sensors, a diffuse optical system to catch very wide field of